History
Book Club of Rockport
Wednesday,
April 29, 2015
History of American Music:
Negro Spirituals
Fisk
University Jubilee Singers, ca. 1908
L
to R: John Wesley Work, Noah Walker Ryder. Alfred Garfield King and James
Andrew Meyers.
Thurman,
Howard, Deep River and The Negro Spiritual Speaks of Life and Death, 1975,
Richmond, IN: Friends United Press, Reprint 1990
Howard Thurman (November 18, 1899
– April 10, 1981) was an influential African American author, philosopher,
theologian, educator and civil rights leader. He was Dean of Chapel at Howard
University and Boston University for more than two decades, wrote 21 books, and
in 1944 helped found a multicultural church. Thurman, along with Mordecai
Johnson and Vernon Johns, was considered one of the three greatest
African-American preachers in the early 20th-century.
“Life
has its own restraints.” Thurman wrote. Imagine these privileged white men who came
to America with land grants, or who bought land after they arrived, and built
plantations to profit from the rich soil of America. To do this work, they bought slaves. Slaves planted and harvested the cotton, the
sugar cane, and all the crops that made their owners rich.
Africans
were taken from their tribes and brought to America. They lost their native languages, their
customs, and of course their freedom.
They
took Christianity, the religion their masters practiced so solemnly, but they
took it their way, and created a religious tradition that was purely African-American. They drew upon their native skills to tell
stories and pass them along. People who
had been prevented from learning to read and write by their masters drew upon
an oral tradition, so that they scooped up huge parts of the Bible and made it
their own, creating thousands upon thousands of songs which were uniquely
theirs.
These
slaves compared their lives to the struggles they learned from the Old
Testament, and these songs expressed their despair, their sadness, but also the
hope for the Promised Land of heaven, and often the hope that one day they
might be free on earth.
Some
of their songs were meant to convey hidden meanings, like when slaves longed
for the time when they could take the Underground
Railroad to Free states or to Canada.
When
Thurman wrote “life has its own restraints” he was thinking about the time of
emancipation of the slaves. When the
Civil War ended in 1865 and slaves were freed, it was the end for many wealthy
plantation owners. Suddenly all those
slaves were free. There was no one to do
the work and owners were forced to sell off their farms and move out of their
big white mansions.
Thurman
wrote: “Unless there is a great rebirth
of high and holy moral courage, which will place at the center of our vast
power an abiding sense of moral responsibility, both because of our treatment
of minorities as home and our arrogance abroad, we may very easily become the
most hated nation on earth. No amount of
power, wealth or prestige can stay this judgment.”
In Deep River, Thurman quotes Langston
Hughes in “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”
when he recalls
Deep
River, my home is over Jordan;
Deep
River, my home is over Jordan.
O
don’t you want to go to that Gospel Feast
That
Promised Land where all is Peace?
Deep
River, I want to cross over into camp ground.
Thurman found this to be the most
intellectual of all the spirituals. It
thinks of life in terms of a river.
Early singers, slaves, viewed the river as the last and most formidable
barrier to freedom. To slip over the river from one of the Border States would
mean freedom in a new country. But to think of life as being like a river is
full of creative analogy. It is the
nature of the river to flow; it is always moving, always in process, always on
its way.
We
are climbing Jacob’s ladder’
We
are climbing Jacob’s ladder;
Every
round goes higher, higher.
Thurman asks if
you have ever heard a group singing this song. The listener is caught up in the
contagion of a vast rhythmic pulse beat, without quite knowing how the measured
rhythm communicates a sense of active belonging to the whole human race; and at
once the individual becomes a part of a moving host of mankind. This is the great pilgrim spiritual.
Out
of the picture the slave singer thinks of the story of Jacob, and Esau, and the
dream of a ladder stretching to Jehovah in heaven. The song gathers in its
sweep all the concentrated urgencies of human dreaming, Thurman writes.
In The Negro Spiritual Speaks of Life and Death,
Thurman examines Negro spirituals as a source of rich testimony concerning life
and death, because they are the voice of a people “for whom the cup of
suffering overflowed in haunting overtones
of majesty, beauty and power!”
Thurman
quotes:
Nobody
knows the trouble I’ve seen,
Nobody
knows my sorrow.
Nobody
knows the trouble I’ve seen,
Glory,
Hallelujah!
Did
all this in the spirituals serve as a kind of soporific, making for docility
and submission? Were slaves manipulated by religion? No, Thurman agrees that religion did serve to
deepen the capacity of endurance and the absorption of suffering. But it taught a people how to ride high to
life, to look squarely in the face those facts that argue most dramatically
against all hope to fashion a hope that the environment, with all its cruelty,
could not crush.
Untutored
people used native artistry and genius to create a concept of God from the
Bible.
Finally,
he writes:
I
got a robe,
You
got a robe,
All
God’s children got robes.
When
we get to heaven
We’re
going to put on our robes,
We’re
going to shout all over God’s heaven.
In the slave’s
heaven, there will be no proscription, no segregation, no separateness, no
slave-row, but complete freedom. The
heart-tearing madness of separation of families at the auction block. Wives sold from their husbands to become
breeders for profit, children separated from parents and from each other. It
would not be like that in God’s heaven.
Most
African-Americans today can trace their heritage back to these slaves. The slaves developed the distinctive music of
those spirituals, but the African-American genius for music which flowed
through their veins went on to develop jazz, the blues, funk, boogie-woogie,
doo-wop, stride, the jitterbug, hip-hop, rap, rock-n-roll, rhythm and blues, and more.
The
men who brought these Africans to America to run plantations looked at them as
only part human; even early Americans looked upon them as little different from
mules or other beasts of burden.
Much
has improved in the lot of African-Americans in this country, but there is
much, much room for improvement. There
are still many people of other races—white, yellow and brown—who look down on
the black race. In spite of all the
progress, in spite of the tremendous achievements of people like Booker T.
Washington, Martin Luther King, Jr., Colin Powell, Condaleeza Rice, Crispus
Attucks, Jackie Robinson, W.E.B. DuBois, Ella Fitzgerald, Thurgood Marshall, of
course Barack Obama, and many more, there are people, both black and non-black
who see only the differences and actively strive to keep the races apart.
But,
just like the great river of Langston Hughes and Howard Thurman, time moves on
and more and more whites and blacks will intermarry, more blacks will earn a
place of leadership and admiration. In
the course of that river, older Americans who are still locked in the ideas of
segregation and racial inequity will die off.
Already I have seen young white people who simply do not see blacks as my generation
was taught to see them.
And
all through this, the tremendous talent and strength of African-Americans to
create music of all sorts will flourish, and with it, bring them to the
Promised Land.
COMING ATTRACTIONS:
Wed. May 27, 2015: The History of Inequality. Wealth and Poverty, Property Ownership [Proposed by Rick Heuser] Look at the 18th century in Europe-- the Czars and the Serfs; the King of France and the sans-culottes; The Soviets preached of a land of equality-- how did that work for them? How have societies dealt with inequality through the centuries?
Wed. June 24, 2015: The Future of Europe [Proposed by Rick Heuser] Based upon what you know, and what you learn, where is Europe going? Will it soon be wrapped up in one tight ball, with no borders, everyone using the same Euro (€)? What about all the guest workers, unassimilated laborers from other continents? What about the growing numbers of Muslims?
Wed. July 29, 2015: History of the American Family. [Proposed by Richard Verrengia] How has the American family changed since Pilgrim days?
Wed. Aug. 26, 2015: The History of Food in America. [Proposed by Janos Posfai] Let’s explore what Americans have considered a square meal, starting with Native Americans (Indians), and including Pilgrims, then people arriving from other parts and classes of England, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, Italy, Russia, African slaves, China; look at regional foods from the South, New England, the West, Midwest.
Wed. Sep. 30, 2015: Charismatic leaders in History. [Proposed by Janos Posfai] What were the keys to Hitler’s, Churchill's, Mussolini's, FDR's successes? Keen perception of public moods? Oratory abilities? Character, firm ideology? Connecting to the people? How did they deploy their charisma? How could Napoleon manipulate the masses without TV ads? Why were people so perceptive to a madman in Germany? Intriguing and recurring questions.
Wed. Oct. 28, 2015: Show Trials in History. [Proposed by Janos Posfai] Read how nations and leaders have used a well-publicized court trial to serve another need, like demonstrating power, making peace, deflecting responsibility, etc.
Examples: Trial of Socrates; Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms; Sacco Vanzetti; Nuremburg War Crimes Trials; Julius and Ethel Rosenburg; Trial of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu; Saddam Hussein in Iraq; Stalin’s NKVD show trials; Trials in Stalinist Hungary like Cardinal József Mindszenty, oil executives, L. Rajk.
Wed. Dec. 2, 2015: No meeting
