Rockport
History Book Club, Wednesday, July 30, 2014
Indo China and Vietnam
Fredrik Logevall, Embers of
War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America’s Vietnam, New York:
Random House. 2012. 839 pp.
America’s long war in Viet Nam
left its mark on our country in many ways.
Not only some 58,000 men and women died in that long war, but countless
others were permanently scarred.
At home the country was deeply
divided, in a way that those who had lived through World War II could not
envision.
As a naval officer, I was very late
in taking part in that war. I was given
command of a destroyer, and took command of the Florida-based USS McCaffery as we stopped for fuel on the island
of Midway, as we sailed westward to the Gulf of Tonkin. We arrived there in November, 1972, and
conducted naval gun attacks against North Vietnamese targets until late in January, 1973, when a ceasefire
ended America’s combat role there.
Fredrik Logevall has produced an
excellent history of Indochina that
takes the reader through World War II, and then those years from 1945 when the
Japanese who had occupied the country pulled out, and the French tried to
return. They did return, but the Vietnamese had had a bellyful of colonialism
under the French, and they felt ready to throw them out.
Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston
Churchill met in the early stages of World War II, even before the U.S. had
entered the war aboard two naval warships in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland and
worked out an agreement for the allied nations about the world after the war. That
was the Atlantic Charter. One principal statement was a declaration that
colonies all over the world would be given the right of self-determination
after the war.
Roosevelt felt strongly about this,
but Churchill agreed simply to get American cooperation at a time when Great
Britain faced annihilation by Germany. Roosevelt died just five months before
the war ended; if he had been president longer, he probably would have kept the
French from even thinking about retaining Indochina after the Japanese had
left.
However, Harry Truman became president,
and he knew little about foreign policy, or colonialism, and approached the
situation in Indochina like most Americans of the time would have. The French had ruled before the war, so they
should continue afterward.
Time cover of Ho
Chi Minh, Nov. 22, 1954
Logevall introduces us to Ho Chi
Minh, who is a young man when he travels to Paris at the peace conference after
World War I in 1919. Dressed in his best
suit, this young Vietnamese hopes to have a visit with Woodrow Wilson, and
acquaint him with the plight of Indochina under the harsh rule of the
French. But Wilson won’t see him.
Ho is an absolutely dedicated
Vietnamese patriot. He reached out to
the Americans to save his country, beginning in 1919 and at different times
afterward. He was not always a dedicated
communist, and therefore an absolute enemy of the U.S.
Logevall floats the proposition that
if we and Ho had worked together after World War II to build an Indochina
destined for self-rule, it could have become a strong friend of the United
States in the region, instead of a “domino”.
It is tempting today to look
questioningly at the white-hot hatred and fear that our leaders, from Truman,
then Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson--- felt about communism. Eisenhower introduced the idea that we
absolutely had to support the French to keep Vietnam out of the hands of the
communists, because at that time they were gobbling up countries around the
world: Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria,
Albania, China, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Mongolia, Somalia, Ethiopia, Afghanistan,
Sudan, South Yemen, Benin, Mozambique --- one domino after another.
Next came Soviet sponsorship of
emerging former colonies in Africa like the Congo and Angola, and Egypt, Libya,
Syria and Iraq, Cuba and Nicaragua.
Now, Communism is a mere shell of
its former self, but in those years, we felt seriously threatened.
Logevall does a marvelous job of
reporting on the diplomatic conferences that took place over Indochina/Vietnam
over the years, but his best piece of writing is his description of Dien Bien
Phu.
In 1954 the French decided to build
this base in an area 200 miles west of Hanoi, up near the Laotian border, on
the main route between the two countries.
This would be a strong base that would prevent Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh
from marching into Laos, and, the French thought, serve to defeat the Viet Minh
once and for all.
Its location was in a valley where
its guns could cover the floor of the valley, and the surrounding mountains
were far enough away that they could not be used by enemy artillery to
attack.
The base could only be supplied by
air, which seems to me to be such a stupid place to establish a base. Logevall narrates in colorful detail how the
French generals planned and built this base.
The author also relates the Viet Minh side as to how they marched their
troops down to surround the base, and the tremendous loss of human life on both
sides.
Dien Bien Phu
victory by Viet Minh
Dien Bien Phu was still raging when
the 1954 Geneva Peace Conference convened. It ended on May 7, with the Viet
Minh flag flying over the French base.
This conference was intended to settle issues remaining on the Korean
Peninsula and in Vietnam. Participants
were the USSR, the People’s Republic of China, France, the United Kingdom, the
U.S. and for Vietnam the Viet Minh and the government of Ngô Đình Diệm.
John Foster Dulles represented the
United States at the start of Geneva, but he showed himself to be so virulently
against the communists that there could be no negotiation. When he returned to the U.S. and turned over
negotiation to Walter Bedell Smith, negotiations involving the U.S. became more
achievable. Churchill called Dulles a “pompous ass.”
Those were the years that Senator
McCarthy was holding forth with his “Communist behind every tree” witch
hunt. We really made Communists seem 20
feet tall! It is fascinating to me to
see how we closed off Cuba and have kept it closed off, because it is
communist, albeit a sad advertisement for any economic story, yet we never
closed off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. And, when Nixon was President, we did the
unthinkable and initiated relations with the People’s Republic of China!
The 1954 Geneva Conference resulted
in partition of Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with the government of
Ngô Đình Diệm ruling South Vietnam from Saigon, and the Viet Minh under Ho
ruling the North from Hanoi. Ngô had
been living in exile in the U.S., and as a Catholic he had made all the
connections to build strong support in America and from the Catholic Church.
Eisenhower invited Ngô to visit the United States in 1957 and he was treated
like royalty with ticker tape parades and honors and fanfare, touted as an
example of the triumph of free people over communism.
Ngô was yet another example of a
tinhorn dictator playing up opposition to communism while the U.S. filled his
pockets with gold. By 1963 his regime
became unbearable to the U.S. and President Kennedy ordered a coup to depose
him. On November 2, 1963 the South
Vietnamese Army took over the government and Ngô and his brother were
assassinated. Twenty days later, Kennedy was assassinated.
It seems that one lesson can be made
of all these years, from 1945 until today, and that is the idea that you
accomplish nothing by not recognizing and not speaking to people representing
opposing states. It is quite possible
that if President Wilson had taken the time to visit with Ho Chi Minh, the
story of Vietnam might have been quite different. Likewise, if Franklin D.
Roosevelt had lived to insist of driving the French out of Indochina at the end
of World War II, we might have been able to help establish a friendly
government, led by Ho Chi Minh.
Those are “ifs”, and history is full
of those.
NOTE: Our next topic will be the History of Iran or Persia. Read any book about that fascinating land, from the time of Cyrus or Darius, the Achaemenids, Sassanids, both Shahs, Mossadegh, Komeini... up until today. We'll meet at Rockport Public Library to discuss our books on Wednesday, August 27th at 7 p.m. NOTE: NEXT MEETING SET FOR WED. SEPT. 3 VICE AUG. 27!
Sam Coulbourn scoulbourn1@verizon.net
