Monday, October 25, 2021

Mass Refugee Movements in History

 

Rockport History Book Club

Mass Refugee Movements in History

Wednesday, October 27, 2021

 Gate at Auschwitz is emblematic of the Holocaust

Wednesday, October 27, 2021. Mass Refugee movements in History. Movements of a large number from one nation to another can and have changed the face of the earth. Read about any era on this topic or read about the phenomenon as a whole. Consider the movement of Arab nationals today into Europe, or the pre-historic migration of peoples from Siberia to North America. Or perhaps Irish victims of the potato famine coming to America and Canada in the 1840s. [Proposed by Sam Coulbourn]

 

The story of Adam Aronson from Jerozolimska 3

By Marta Mackowiak


3 Jerozolimska St.

I would like to tell you a story. One of those that holds a special place in my heart. A few years ago, Helena and Aleksander from Mi Polin, gave me a couple of addresses of buildings where they found traces of mezuzahs. My task was to discover the history of their pre-war inhabitants.

Usually, I start my genealogical research by collecting information about one’s last known ancestors. In this case, I started my work with the address I got from Helena and Aleks: Jerozolimska 3, Tomaszów Mazowiecki. Based on the address books, documents from DP camps, the records kept in the Jewish Historical Institute’s archive and various internet sources, I managed to discover a beautiful story and put the pieces together.

Thanks to the address book from 1939, I learned that the inhabitant of 3 Jerozolimska Street was Alfred Aronson. It turned out that he was an industrialist and the son of the co-owner of the Textile Factory Samuel Steinman and Artur Aronson, which was established as a result of the merger of the two companies in 1908. Kazimierz Rędziński mentioned the charity work of Samuel and Artur’s business in his work Szkolnictwo żydowskie w Tomaszowie Mazowieckim (Jewish Education in Tomaszów Mazowiecki):

Samuel Steinmann and Artur Aronson donated two sewing machines and a cutting table to the girls’ school to teach them tailoring, as well as 12/4 fabrics for winter coats for 5 poor schoolgirls. The coats were made for: Złoty Skrobisz from class III, Selma Pakul from class II and Sara Kon, Ita Rosental and L. Szuster from class I34. ”

In the publication of the Pasaże Pamięci Foundation we can read:

In 1914, the Samuel Steinman and Artur Aronson textile factory produced woolen fabrics worth 700,000 rubles. At that time, the factory employed as many as 200 workers on 82 looms and 3,840 spindles. […] In 1927, the company “Fabryka Sukna Samuel Steinman i Artur Aronson” had a worsted spinning mill with 3640 spindles and a weaving mill with 70 looms. It employed 180 workers. In 1930, as a result of the crisis, there were numerous layoffs, and in 1931 the factory was completely closed due to losses. After the crisis subsided, production was resumed at a relatively low level. “

To find out more about Alfred’s fate, I went through the documents kept in the Jewish Historical Institute’s archive. And there I found two important things: the post-war registration card from the Central Committee of Jews in Poland of Artur Adam Aronson, son of Alfred, and a personal file describing his fate between 1947-1948.

The registration card from the Central Committee of Jews in Poland. Source: Jewish Historical Institute 

The registration cards were filled out by Jewish survivors and submitted to the Central Committee of Jews in Poland. Purpose of this committee was to represent them before the state authorities and to organize care and assistance for those who survived the Holocaust.

Thanks to such a card, I learned that Artur Adam Aronson was born on October 8, 1934 in TomaszówMazowiecki to Alfred    Joachim Aronson and Wanda nee Borensztajn. When the war broke out, the Aronson family was moved to the ghetto in Tomaszów, where Alfred became a member of the Jewish Police Service and Judenrat. After the liquidation of the ghetto, the family was separated. Artur and his mother were taken to Auschwitz, where she died shortly thereafter.

Alfred was probably in Warsaw for a while, and later was taken to Germany. According to the Pasaże Pamięci Foundation, Karol Weyman (also spelt Wejman) helped Jews in the Tomaszów ghetto – including his high school friend (and later wife), Maria Aronson, and her brother, Alfred. He helped them to get out of the ghetto and move to Warsaw.

The documentation of JOINT (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee) and DP camps shows that Alfred was a prisoner of the Bergen-Belsen camp, and after the liberation he was in Stuttgart. On July 8, 1947 he left Germany and emigrated to the United States to join his relatives.

Source: International Tracing Service, Bad Arolsen

His son, then 11-year-old Artur, was in Auschwitz during the liberation. After the war, he was found by his former governess, Maria Sroka, with whom he stayed in Łódź. Alfred located his son quite quickly and tried to to bring him to the United States. Because of the legal issues and immigration formalities, the whole process took more than a year. Moreover, it turned out that it was very hard for Maria and Artur to say good bye. The following letter leaves no doubt.

“Supposedly, the boy had confided to her (Maria) several times that he was afraid of a sea voyage. […] Besides, we got the impression that Mrs. S. would not like to part with the boy overnight and we believe that it is not advisable to press on her to allow him to travel through France.”

Initially, Artur was to leave Gdynia on October 26, 1948 on board the Batory ship. Ultimately, due to complications and problems with booking, he got on the train on November 28 and under the care of Zygfryd Baltuch, he went to Paris. Artur boarded the Queen Elizabeth ship and departed from Cherbourg, France, on December 16, 1948. He arrived in New York on December 21, 1948.

This is how the story was supposed to end. However, while writing this article and summing up the story after a few years, I decided to check a few more things. I googled Arthur with no particular expectations and it was a good move.

This way I found out that Artur wrote an essay on the history of the Burza destroyer (“The Burza was a destroyer“), for which he won the Westcott Prize in 1958, and I came across a real gem – The Personal Navigator blog with the article called “My unforgettable roommate Art Aronson”.

Thanks to the blog’s author, Samuel Coulbourn, I was able to learn about Arthur’s further story. Reading the article, I felt like I was reading about the life of an old friend. Samuel and Artur studied together at the Naval Academy in Annapolis. According to Samuel, Aronson was fluent in Polish, English, German and Russian, and no academic subject was difficult for him. He was brilliant, friendly and cheerful despite the cruel events he experienced as a child. He was also an excellent artist and he used to illustrate Naval Academy magazines.

Sadly Artur died in Syracuse, New York on October 8, 2008. I was lucky to to get in touch with Samuel who allowed me to use their photo and provided me with some additional information. Artur was married to Eleonore and they had no children.  

I am amazed by the fact that the story, which now has the beginning, the middle and the end, has began with one small trace on somebody’s doorframe.

Źródła:

  • Archiwum Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego
  • Fundacja Pasaże Pamięci
  • Mi Polin
  • Pasaże pamięci. Śladami kultury tomaszowskich Żydów 
  • The Personal Navigator
  • Kazimierz Rędziński, Szkolnictwo żydowskie w Tomaszowie Mazowieckim
  • International Tracing Service, Bad Arolsen

 Usually, I start my genealogical research by collecting information about one’s last known ancestors. In this case, I started my work with the address I got from Helena and Aleks: Jerozolimska 3, Tomaszów Mazowiecki. Based on the address books, documents from DP camps, the records kept in the Jewish Historical Institute’s archive and various internet sources, I managed to discover a beautiful story and put the pieces together.

Thanks to the address book from 1939, I learned that the inhabitant of 3 Jerozolimska Street was Alfred Aronson. It turned out that he was an industrialist and the son of the co-owner of the Textile Factory Samuel Steinman and Artur Aronson, which was established as a result of the merger of the two companies in 1908. Kazimierz Rędziński mentioned the charity work of Samuel and Artur’s business in his work Szkolnictwo żydowskie w Tomaszowie Mazowieckim (Jewish Education in Tomaszów Mazowiecki):

Samuel Steinmann and Artur Aronson donated two sewing machines and a cutting table to the girls’ school to teach them tailoring, as well as 12/4 fabrics for winter coats for 5 poor schoolgirls. The coats were made for: Złoty Skrobisz from class III, Selma Pakul from class II and Sara Kon, Ita Rosental and L. Szuster from class I34. ”

In the publication of the Pasaże Pamięci Foundation we can read:

In 1914, the Samuel Steinman and Artur Aronson textile factory produced woolen fabrics worth 700,000 rubles. At that time, the factory employed as many as 200 workers on 82 looms and 3,840 spindles. […] In 1927, the company “Fabryka Sukna Samuel Steinman i Artur Aronson” had a worsted spinning mill with 3640 spindles and a weaving mill with 70 looms. It employed 180 workers. In 1930, as a result of the crisis, there were numerous layoffs, and in 1931 the factory was completely closed due to losses. After the crisis subsided, production was resumed at a relatively low level. “


Research report by Marta Mackowiak, who researches family stories. See her website at 
Genealogia – Marta Maćkowiak – Duchy Przodków – Cześć, jestem Marta i jestem genealożką. Jestem tu, żeby dzielić się swoją wiedzą na temat genealogii, przodków i dawnych czasach. (martamackowiak.com)


My Unforgettable Roommate, Art Aronson

 

 

 


Class of 1957 at formation, ready to man whaleboats

 

                Our four years at the Naval Academy began with two months of Plebe summer, and I remember that as endless drills, running, sweating, waiting to catch a boat across the Severn river to fire on the rifle range, sweating as we rowed the heavy old whaleboats, running an obstacle course, swimming, playing tennis, basketball, golf, marching drills, flying little seaplanes and landing in the river near the Academy, more marching, more sweating.    

I met Arthur Aronson sometime that summer (1953), and he asked me to join him as a roommate, along with another young man, Milton H. Bank, of Pontiac, MI.  When it was time for the Brigade to return for the academic year, we moved to our Plebe year room, in Bancroft Hall.

 

 


Art Aronson R, and a classmate on Midshipman Cruise, 1954

             I was slow to discover that Arthur was a foreigner. He was a Jew, born in Krakow, Poland, and he and his family had been herded by the Nazis into the concentration camp at Auschwitz (Oswieczim), Poland.  Arthur ’s mother and sister died in the Camp, but he and his father had survived, and after the camp was liberated, they had made their way to London, and then eventually to New York City, arriving in 1948.  Arthur had somehow gotten sent to Houston, Texas and had spent a year at Rice Institute there.  Arthur’s English was so good that I had not realized he was a foreigner for several days. 

            Arthur was probably the most brilliant person I have ever met.  He spoke not only Polish and flawless English, but German and Russian, and was conversant in Yiddish.  He could gobble up whatever subject the Academy threw at us— Calculus, Thermodynamics, Steam Engineering, Naval Gunnery, Physics, English, History, Navigation, and then took the time to help his less brilliant classmates understand. 

            Art was also an excellent artist and developed a cartoon style that he used to illustrate Naval Academy magazines all four years of his time at Annapolis.

                In the spring of 1955, in my second year at Annapolis, I took the train to New York with Art.  We went to see his New York stomping grounds and meet his father.  According to Art, his father was quite a ladies’ man.  However, also according to Art, during the war he had been one of several men at Auschwitz who were working in a factory building ammunition boxes for the Wehrmacht.  The crafty elder Aronson invented a way to build these wooden boxes so they looked fine when they were inspected, but when loaded with ammunition and in use in the field, the bottoms would fall out.  The Polish Jews also sabotaged socks that had been knitted in the camp for shipment to the Nazi soldiers on the Eastern front by quietly slashing through each box of socks, so that the socks were useless for protecting their wearers in the brutal Russian winter.

            Arthur and I, in our blue Midshipman uniforms, visited the United Nations on this short spring vacation in New York.  By this time, we both spoke a good bit of Russian, and enjoyed using it to converse without others being able to understand.  At the U.N. we visited the only conference of delegates that was in session at the time, a round table of women discussing women’s international issues.  We were both wearing headphones, which could be switched to hear the discussion in any of several languages.  We chose Russian, and were listening to this rather haughty, self-important Soviet woman say, “In the Soviet Union women have freedoms that women in other countries can only dream about.”

            When you are wearing headphones and talk with someone, unless you are careful you talk really loud, and so all of a sudden the women delegates around their circular table were looking at these two American midshipmen, talking Russian.  One had just said to the other, “Kakoi bol’shoi govno!” or, “What a load of (expletive)!”

            We were asked to leave.

            That same day we visited Rockefeller Center, or wherever Dave Garroway was having the Today show (1955), and joined the crowd of onlookers when the cast did their outdoors stand-up.

            When it was time to head back to Annapolis, we boarded the train at Grand Central.  On the train we sat near two young women, and Art, who was always more skilled at this than I, started a conversation with them.  One was reading her history text book, and we began to discuss it, and asked them where they were from, etc.   

            Art and I got off the train at Baltimore, and the girls continued on to Washington.  They were traveling from Boston to Washington for a visit with a friend there. 

            After we got back to Annapolis, I thought it might be nice to send a letter to one of those girls. We started an exchange, I invited her down for a weekend at the Academy, we later got engaged, and were married a day after graduation, on June 8, 1957. We stayed married until her death in 2018.

             I can thank Art for arranging that meeting!

 


            Art Aronson, at right, in 2002.

 

  

 

Arthur died September 4, 2008, in Syracuse, NY. 

 

 

HISTORY BOOK CLU B TOPICS FOR 2021-22


 

                                                                 K. Moran, New York Times

Wednesday, December 1, 2021. [Moved back one week to avoid conflict with Thanksgiving.] Is the American Empire in retreat? Roman troops met their match in German forests and Parthian deserts, and there was decay at home, and suddenly, the Roman Empire was gone. America saw the limits of empire as helicopters lifted escapees from the American Embassy in Saigon in 1975, and then again in a dramatic exodus from Kabul in 2021. We keep learning that our military power can destroy but it cannot build.  China is growing and aiming at world-wide supremacy, and Russia is straining to recover its super-power. At home there are signs of decay, as our democracy is challenged, millions resist cures for a pandemic and our spirit is tested. Is this the twilight of American ascendance? [Proposed by Sam Coulbourn]

There will be no later meeting in December.

2022

Women defense workers, World War II

Wednesday, January 26, 2022. World War II at Home.  World War II raged from the jungles of Burma to the steppes of Russia, all over the world.  But this is a look at the Home Front, from Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Fireside Chats to children collecting tin cans and lead toothpaste tubes, paper and even jars of grease for “The War Effort”. It includes the movement of many thousands of Black Americans from menial jobs in the South to better paying jobs in the North, working in defense plants.  Millions of women also joined the work force as men went to fight overseas. Also, how Hollywood helped with patriotic films and propaganda cartoons, as well as War Bond drives. [Proposed by Cindy Grove].

Landing of Pedro Cabral in future Brazil, 1500. Painting by Oscar da Silva, 1922.

Wednesday, February 23, 2022. South America has a rich history, from Incas and other indigenous peoples to colonization by Spanish, Portuguese, and other European nations, onward to monarchy in Argentina, slavery, and struggling democracies. It’s the history of Machu Pichu, exploration and exploitation of the Amazon, Simon Bolivar, Pedro Cabral, Juan Peron, Hugo Chavez, Augusto Pinochet, The Falklands War, Shining Path.  Select any period, any nation or group, and let us learn together. [Proposed by Sam Coulbourn]


 

Wednesday, March 30, 2022.  Reconstruction, 1865-77 Abraham Lincoln had a clear picture of what should be done after the end of the War Between the States, but his assassination meant that Andrew Johnson, the Democrat who succeeded him, would be President. Read about this dangerous, murderous time in our history as we sought to regain the 11 Confederate States in the Union.  Read about the growth of white supremacist organizations, and the different ways that America handled the end of slavery, and welcoming (?) millions of newly freed Africans to America.  [Proposed by Mary Beth Smith]



Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Wednesday, April 27, 2022. Trials of historical significance. Read about the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials (1945-46), or the Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (1951), Burning of the Reichstag trial (1933), or the Trial of Galileo Galilei (1633), Martin Luther and the Diet of Worms, (1521) (not what it sounds like), the Trial and Death of Socrates by Plato (399 BC), or many more. [Proposed by Janos Posfai]

 


Henry Ford

 Wednesday, May 25, 2022. Immigrants to America who have made a difference. Read and tell us the story of an immigrant to the U.S. who has brought a wondrous addition to his/her new nation. Perhaps the newcomers started a family of creative Americans; perhaps they themselves made important advances. Look at Henry Ford, Albert Einstein, Sergey Brin, Audrey Hepburn, Chinua Achebe, Cary Grant, Irving Berlin, Nikola Tesla, more. [Proposed by Mary Beth Smith.]

 
Lincoln Assassination

Wednesday, June 29, 2022. Assassinations and executions of leaders. Read the stories of how famous people were assassinated and what came after. From modern times--- Anwar Sadat, Olaf Palme, Yitzhak Rabin, Aldo Moro, Mahatma Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, or Presidents Lincoln, Garfield, McKinley, and Kennedy, or Franz Ferdinand, King of Albania, Nicholas II of Russia, or earlier-- Henry VI, James III, Henry III, Julius Caesar. [Proposed by Janos Posfai]

 

Ironclad USS Monitor, 1862

Wednesday, June 29, 2022. Game changing maritime inventions. Read about the days of ships propelled by sail, oars, coal or oil, paddle wheelers, steam engines, or warships like dreadnought, submarines, aircraft carriers, or torpedoes, propellers, chronometers, sextants, etc. [Proposed by Janos Posfai]

                                    

Wednesday, July 27, 2022.   How Should We Deal With China?  Let's dig into the history of China and try to learn how the United States should approach China, in terms of human rights, trade policy, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Global Warming, Nuclear Weapon Proliferation, autonomous weapons, public health, and much more.  We are tremendously interdependent: should we continue to view China as an Opponent?


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