Billion-dollar Spy in Moscow

History Book Club

Intelligence Gathering and Spying in History

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

L to R: Sam, Mark and John Coulbourn and Ron Pomerleau (The Builder from NH), Moscow, 1981

Sam, Mark and John Coulbourn and Ron Pomerleau in downtown Moscow, 1981.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019: Intelligence Gathering and Spying in History: Julius Caesar’s Spy Network; Sun-Tzu, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Espionage Act of 1917, the KGB, MI-5, the OSS, CIA, Pinkerton’s Union Spies, Confederate Spies. . [Proposed by Sam Coulbourn] 

David E. Hoffman, The Billion Dollar Spy: A True Story of Cold War Espionage and Betrayal. New York: Doubleday. 2015.

          This book gave me cold chills.  I knew it was about a Soviet spy who had delivered tons of spectacularly important information about Soviet weapon systems and radars, and I knew it took place before after and during the time I served in Moscow.

            But it really took me back to some scary times, when we didn’t know if we were going to get scooped up by the KGB and hustled off to Lubyanka or some other dismal holding cell.  Years after I came back to the States, whenever I would see a car parked near me with a couple of men in it, I started to look for an escape route. 

            The life we led, as we collected intelligence in the Soviet Union 1981-83 was nowhere near as dangerous as Marti Peterson, the first female CIA case officer to be handling spies in the CIA Station in U.S. Embassy Moscow.  But as we traveled from Latvia and Estonia to Siberia, from Turkmenistan to Murmansk, we always had KGB agents following us, and sometimes it got dangerous.

            We knew that there might be tiny cameras watching us as we ate supper in our home in the Embassy, or microphones planted in our cars to listen to whatever we said. Our maid surely reported to the KGB, but even so, she was a wonderful woman and a great Ukrainian cook.

            The author of this book, David Hoffman, is a contributing editor at the Washington Post. He was Moscow Bureau Chief for the Post, and the Post’s White House Correspondent and he now is also a correspondent for PBS Frontline.

            One of his primary sources for this book is Burton Gerber, who served as CIA Station Chief in Moscow in the early 1980s.  He and his wife Rosalie were friends of ours in Moscow and later when we were all back in Washington.  I still exchange Christmas cards with him.  He’s my idea of the ideal intelligence agent:  smart, well-read, quiet, and effective.  Not a James Bond or any of the spy bosses you’ve seen in movies.

            Hoffman describes Gerber’s upbringing in the CIA, joining as a 22-year-old, right out of Michigan State University in 1955.  He describes the training he received in secret communications, handling agents, detecting surveillance, finding and filling dead drops, etc. 

            A very interesting item comes up early in the book when the author tells about James Jesus Angleton, a legendary old hand in the CIA who single-handedly shot down every effort to run spies inside the USSR. During the 1950s and 1960s Angleton was responsible for detecting and preventing apprehension of CIA agents and their spy sources, under Allen Dulles and Richard Helms. When they finally pushed him aside, they were able to link up with Soviet government employees who brought loads of critically important intelligence into American hands.

            Marti Peterson came to Moscow in  1975 under cover as an embassy staffer, a job she performed during regular working hours. At night, however, she became the first female CIA operative working with agents in the Soviet Union.  In 1977 she went out for a rendezvous with a spy named Ogorodnik. She had a tiny radio receiver for detecting KGB surveillance communications, with part strapped inside her bra with a Velcro strap. The KGB caught her, and soon discovered her wiring, but they were mystified by the Velcro! 

            I remember once when we were on a photo run, riding a tram by a Soviet naval shipyard in Leningrad, and one of us attachés opened the Velcro on his jacket, the ripping sound to someone who doesn’t know about Velcro sounds like you are ripping your clothes apart. Russians on the tram would all look at us with amazement. When we were there in 1981, Russia was indeed “a third-world country with nuclear weapons”.

            However for Marti Peterson the discovery of her role in Moscow meant she was on the next plane back to Washington, and Ogorodnik, the spy she was trying to contact, after being caught, bit down on the fountain pen he had asked the CIA to provide him.  It contained cyanide, and he was dead at once.

            The star, the “Billion Dollar Spy” in this book, was Adolf Georgievich Tolkachev, born in 1927 in Aktyubinsk, Kazakhstan. He was the Soviet electronics engineer who provided key documents to the CIA between 1979 and 1985. Working at a Soviet radar design bureau as one of the chief designers, Tolkachev gave the CIA complete detailed information about numerous fighter-interceptor aircraft radars used on the MiG-29, MiG-31, and Su-27; and other avionics.

            From January 1977 to February 1978, Tolkachev attempted to approach cars with U.S. diplomatic license plates in Moscow five times, coincidentally approaching the CIA Moscow bureau chief Gardner Hathaway at a diplomatic gas station, but the CIA was fearful of  counterintelligence operations by the KGB.

            We would often have notes slipped into our cars when they were parked in front of the Embassy, or anywhere else in town, and we would give them to the Moscow Station.  Until I read this book, I had never heard that those attempts to contact an American had taken place.

            On his fifth attempt the CIA assigned a Russian-speaking officer named John Guilsher to make contact with Tolkachev. The station eventually established his bona fides with intelligence data that proved to be of "incalculable" value to US experts. The U.S. Air Force completely reversed direction on a $70 million electronics package for the F-15 Eagle as a result of Tolkachev's intelligence.

            Tolkachev resisted the use of traditional CIA methods including dead drops and radios. He preferred personal meetings, as he enjoyed meeting with agents. Hoffman goes into great detail about the various microscopic cameras the CIA gave to Tolkachev, and how he was able to shoot thousands of frames of documents without detection.

            According to Hoffman, Tolkachev was critical of some of the CIA’s tradecraft. He developed different ways to bypass security; he repeatedly found holes in Soviet security, which he exploited. 

            At first, Tolkachev refused money for his services, feeling that payments would attract the attention of security. However, he asked for art supplies, music and other things for his son, and he eventually agreed to take payments, to be deposited in a foreign account, then began demanding millions. He refused offers to extract himself and his wife and son from the USSR, but then agreed to it.  He requested poison pills to take if he was discovered; the CIA resisted and delayed, but finally provided them. Tolkachev was finally betrayed by a failed CIA trainee, Edward Lee Howard, who had obtained knowledge of Tolkachev before he was dismissed from the agency. Howard approached the Soviets through their consulate, and became an asset for them. Tolkachev and his wife were apprehended and he was executed. TASS announced his execution for treason in October, 1986.

            The author writes how, when Jimmy Carter became President, he had idealistic ideas about the Russians, but soon discarded those.  Carter named a Naval Academy classmate, Vice Admiral Stansfield Turner, as Director of the CIA. Turner had scant knowledge of the world of espionage and was suspicious of all this cloak and dagger business and preferred to use electronic intelligence gathering.  This was tough on CIA morale, especially in Moscow Station. I arrived in Moscow just after President Reagan had taken over, which was joyously celebrated in the Station.

            It is amazing to me that so much CIA tradecraft is described in this story. I imagine the KGB must make this book required reading for their trainees. Certainly, the CIA should; as well.

S.W. Coulbourn

HISTORY BOOK CLUB TOPICS FOR 2019

Wednesday, September 25, 2019: El Norte, the story of Spain’s exploration and colonization of North America.  Often Americans study the growth of America from the standpoint of English colonization and the push westward. There’s another, very complex story, of the exploration of the Caribbean, Mexico, Florida and onward to California by the Spanish. It’s the story of Conquistadors, Priests and Indigenous peoples who created the Republic of Mexico, the nations of the Caribbean and Central America, and made the first cities in Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California and more. [Proposed by Sam Coulbourn] 

Wednesday, October 30, 2019: Charismatic leaders in History. What were the keys to Hitler’s, Churchill's, Mussolini's, FDR's successes? Keen perception of public moods? Oratory abilities? Character, firm ideology? Connecting to the people? How did they deploy their charisma? How could Napoleon manipulate the masses without TV ads? Why were people so perceptive to a madman in Germany? Recurring questions.  [Proposed by Janos Posfai] 

Wednesday, November 13, 2019 [Two weeks earlier because of Thanksgiving and another conflict] History of Farming in America.  Examine the American Indians and their farming techniques, the early colonists and the skills they brought from their home countries;  the food discoveries in the New World; Tobacco and Cotton and slavery; Farming and the Dust Bowl; Government and Agriculture; Modern Agribusiness.  [Proposed by Sam Coulbourn] 

 NO MEETING IN DECEMBER

The Crusades, 1095-1272

History Book Club

The Crusades, 1095-1272

Wednesday, July 31, 2019

The Crusaders Capture Jerusalem, July 15, 1099

Wednesday, July 31, 2019: The Crusades—what caused them?   The Seljuk Turks; Pisa, Genoa, Venice and Amalfi; Byzantium and Jerusalem; The Children’s Crusade; Attacking the Jews in Germany; The Popes and Kings; Saladin and Richard I of the Lion Heart; how the Christians massacred Moslems and Jews and made Moslems intolerant.

. [Proposed by Sam Coulbourn] 

Thomas Asbridge, The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land, London: Simon & Schuster, UK, 2012, 808 pp.

            Since September 11, 2001 we have had a mental picture of Islam and the Middle East as the center of an unyielding, backward-looking part of the world, with certain elements dedicated to destroying the West and overrunning Christianity.  In that time American launched a war against the Taliban aggressors in Afghanistan in 2001.  We are still engaged in that wartorn, bedraggled country. In 2003, perhaps with justification that begs questioning, we launched war against Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq.  We are still engaged there, as well.

            Thomas Asbridge is a professor of Medieval History at Queen Mary, University of London, and the author of several books on medieval history. He studied for a BA in Ancient and Medieval History at Cardiff University, and then gained his PhD in Medieval History at Royal Holloway, University of London.

            Asbridge’s picture of the Crusades begins with Pope Urban II facing division in the Roman Catholic Church. In the Pope’s mind, rejuvenation was needed. His solution in 1095 was to issue a call to arms for Christian knights and their followers to march 2000 miles, from western Europe to Jerusalem, and return that holy city to Christian hands. Knights all over took up the challenge and gathered their soldiers and started the grueling march across to Constantinople, then across the Bosporus into Asia.

            Pope Urban really wanted to stir things up that didn’t need stirring. The Muslims had had control of Jerusalem for 400 years.  However, knights and even regular people listened when the Pope spoke, and off they went. Europe in the latter part of the 11^th century was a very spiritual place.  Christianity was much more prevalent than today, and spirituality governed nearly everything in peoples’ lives. Christians were obsessed with sinfulness, contamination and the impending afterlife, and if the Pope suggested that each man in an army could gain salvation by marching 2000 miles, and in the bargain likely get killed, they were all for it.

            Once Urban II began the cry for Christians to march to save Jerusalem for Christianity, preachers and other holy men, large and small, crooked and honorable, picked up the message. One of the first groups, made up of some 15,000 “poor rabble,” mostly Germans, was particularly half-cocked . These, later called “The People’s Crusade” didn’t coordinate with anyone. As they marched , still in the Rhineland, they carried out a terrible massacre of Rhineland Jews. But, heading into Asia Minor, as soon as they entered territory defended by the Turks, they were mostly annihilated.

            The main force of 60,000 to 100,000, and 7000 to 10,000 knights along with women and children, left their homes in France and Germany and Italy and marched to Constantinople, led by Count Raymond of Toulouse, Behemond of Taranto, Godfrey of Bouillon, Baldwin of Boulogne and Tancred of Hauteville. In Constantinople, the seat of the Eastern Holy Roman Empire, they hoped to pick up support from the Greek Orthodox Christians under Emperor Alexis I Comnenus.

            Alexis showered the Latin princes with gifts when they came to his court, but he extracted from each a pledge that whatever cities, forts or countries they might subdue would be handed over to an officer appointed by the Emperor.  He then whisked them across the Bosporus and on to Asia Minor.

            The Latin crusaders continued their march across what today is southeastern Turkey. At Nicaea they laid siege to the city. The same Turkish Seljuk force that had wiped out the People’s Crusade were out tricked by the Latins, who had gotten help from a Turkish spy. Also, Emperor Alexius kept his distance, but sent a fleet of Greek ships which were portaged 20 miles to a lake before the city. Using these ships to penetrate the city defenses, the Latins were able to overcome the defending Turks and win the city.

            On they went, heading south toward the Levant, into Syria, until they arrived outside of Antioch. The walled city stood between them and the Holy Land. The Latins expected Alexius’ Byzantines would assist them in taking the city, but this didn’t happen. They laid siege to the city, employing all the medieval weapons: wooden towers and ladders that could be pushed up to allow attackers to scale the walls, huge catapults (mangonels) to launch boulders into the city, fiery bundles of pitch and reeds, and battering rams. Of course, the defenders rained down thousand of arrows, and through burning pitch, red-hot stones, etc. on the attackers. 

            Both sides used terror to discourage their opponents—beheading captives and flinging their heads back among their forces, desecrating graves, and all manner of atrocities. Although this was a “Holy Pilgrimage” both sides never avoided the cruelest terror techniques.

            The Latins had now occupied the Syrian ports of Latakia and St. Simeon and were able to receive ships bringing supplies and food to the troops. One group of English ships brought important building materials, crucial to creating the tools to defeat the defenses of the city.

            The Latin Christians exploited the split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims, and used treachery and sheer willpower, but the stroke from God that many believe led to victory was the discovery of a fragment of the lance that Roman soldiers used to pierce Christ’s side while he was nailed to the Cross. Whether authentic or not, this was a tremendous boost to the morale  of the Latins. Soon they were able to finally arrange a surrender and capture Antioch.

            From there, the Latin Crusaders marched toward their objective of Jerusalem, and laid siege to the Holy City. By now, there were about 15,000 battle-hardened warriors, including some 1300 knights. In racing from Antioch to Jerusalem the Latins had failed to build a strong line of supply and they were now racing to take the city before an Egyptian army could arrive.

            Luck again came from the sea, as a small fleet of Genoese ships anchored at nearby Jaffa. These ships brought ropes, hammers, mattocks, nails, hatchets. The Latins had also arranged for Local Christians to cut down timber from nearby forests and use camels to ferry it to the troops outside Jerusalem.

            The final assault on Jerusalem began at dawn on July 14, 1099. One siege tower had been constructed so that it could be quickly relocated, so that the defenders awoke on that morning to find that the tower had moved half a mile, from a well-defended place to a poorly defended place. Soon after midday on July 15 the Latins had conquered Jerusalem and there was widespread killing and indiscriminate slaughter. One crusader described it: “Piles of heads, hands and feet lay in the houses and streets, and men and knights were running to and fro over corpses.”

            Now that Jerusalem, Edessa and Antioch and other parts of the Levant were in Latin hands, they became “Outremer”, or overseas, the first instance of Europe extend its reach. During this period, from 1099 to the beginning of the Second Crusade in 1147 the Knighthood orders of Templars and Hospitallers were created and were central to events in all the remaining crusades.

            In the early twelfth century several marches like crusades took place, with knights and marching to attack Muslims, sometimes Jews, here and there; papal power was challenged, and many were killed in various encounters.  However history established that the Pope Eugenius III launched the second crusade in 1147. The miraculous success of the first crusade drove this one, but internal conflict doomed it to failure.

            In 1188 Muslim troops succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, which had been in Christian hands since 1099.

            The crusades kept happening—too numerous were all the forays recorded. However, history counts nine Crusades, the last ending in 1272. Nineteen years later, in 1291 English-led crusaders were defeated at Acre, which represented the end for Latin power in the Levant. The Muslims regained control of Palestine.

S.W. Coulbourn

HISTORY BOOK CLUB TOPICS FOR 2019

Wednesday, August 28, 2019: Intelligence Gathering and Spying in History: Julius Caesar’s Spy Network; Sun-Tzu, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Espionage Act of 1917, the KGB, MI-5, the OSS, CIA, Pinkerton’s Union Spies, Confederate Spies. . [Proposed by Sam Coulbourn] 

Wednesday, September 25, 2019: El Norte, the story of Spain’s exploration and colonization of North America.  Often Americans study the growth of America from the standpoint of English colonization and the push westward. There’s another, very complex story, of the exploration of the Caribbean, Mexico, Florida and onward to California by the Spanish. It’s the story of Conquistadors, Priests and Indigenous peoples who created the Republic of Mexico, the nations of the Caribbean and Central America, and made the first cities in Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California and more. [Proposed by Sam Coulbourn] 

Wednesday, October 30, 2019: Charismatic leaders in History. What were the keys to Hitler’s, Churchill's, Mussolini's, FDR's successes? Keen perception of public moods? Oratory abilities? Character, firm ideology? Connecting to the people? How did they deploy their charisma? How could Napoleon manipulate the masses without TV ads? Why were people so perceptive to a madman in Germany? Recurring questions.  [Proposed by Janos Posfai] 

Wednesday, November 13, 2019 [Two weeks earlier because of Thanksgiving and another conflict] History of Farming in America.  Examine the American Indians and their farming techniques, the early colonists and the skills they brought from their home countries;  the food discoveries in the New World; Tobacco and Cotton and slavery; Farming and the Dust Bowl; Government and Agriculture; Modern Agribusiness.  [Proposed by Sam Coulbourn] 

 NO MEETING IN DECEMBER